Burke associations - McInley family

This page is unfinished. It includes leading some information that has not been landed and may be incorrect and irrelevant.

What it is intended to be is a repository of information from which leads can be drawn, to find the missing Anne McInley.

I intend to work thorough this and make something out of it, at which time this notice will be removed. 2024-03-19.

Variations on the name include : McInley, McInly, McKinlay, McKennely, McKennelly, McKinley, MacKinley

McKinlay is the name as it appears on the MNRR land grant map for the area of Liscombe Harbour, on the south shore of Nova Scotia.

As of 2024-03-03, the matter of spelling is unresolved. McInley has been used but can be replaced if need be once Anne's actual surname becomes known.

As of 2024-03-03, it is not absolutely established that McInley is indeed Anne's maiden name. What appears below is presumption based on facts not in evidence.

To begin...

The McInley family is related through the marriage of Anne McInley to Jean Jacques "Jacob" Thibeau.

Note: Anne McInley is used here and below as if a fact.

There is no record of their marriage found as yet, but a connection can be made - principally through the 1817 census. The entry is for a Jacob Tiboo, with wife and daughter.

Duplicated from thibeau.html: "In the return for Manchester in Sydney County, on the 24th of July, 1817, one can find Jacob Tiboo," (see additional 1817 census images on the thibeau.html page)

"Jacob's record shows he has a wife and daughter. Of the three, one is American, two are Acadians (which might be taken to narrowly mean born in Nova Scotia). Definitely clues, or errors, or misinformation. The report does align with the 1824 petition except for the man's nationality."

It is generally believed that Jean Jacques "Jacob" Thibeau appears as Jacob Tiboo, a supposed American, with a wife and daughter. Records from later years provide the wife's given name and surname, though not definitively.

DNA test results have made the connection backward between JJT and Louis Joseph Wauthy. This information is laid out in two interconnected web pages (Thibeau and Wauthy).

The short of it is that LJW deserted the French Army at the Seige of San Sebastián in Spain in late August or early September of 1813. Whether he was captured or he surrendered, he chose to sign with the British as an infantryman on Sept. 10th. He spent roughly six months in training before his battalion was transported to Halifax to defend Nova Scotia's interests from American attack (it was the War of 1812). In British military records, he was known as Lewis Wauty. This, and other instances of name changing leads me to believe that LW was illiterate - unable to correct the record.

Officially, on November 29th, 1814, while serving in the 7th Battalion 60th Infantry regiment, Company 4, under the command of Captain Dumas, LW deserted the British Army in Halifax. The records indicate that he was in Halifax when he deserted, but I am not convinced of that as yet.

As of 2024-03-03, I do not yet know how LW/JJT came to meet and marry an Anne McInley, should this prove to be her name.

Is Jean Jacques "Jacob" Thibeau American? Is there an American connection?

As to the general belief that JJT was the American in the Jacob Tiboo entry on the 1817 census, it is possible to interepret the same to read that Anne was the American, "Jacob Tiboo" was an actual or self-declared Acadian, and their daughter was also Acadian. The third possibility, that the child is the American, is believed unlikely.

Is Anne McKinley American? Was she born in the U.S.? Was she or her family members emigrants from the UK who came through the U.S.?

When LW deserted in Halifax, did he go south to the U.S. or did he stay in the province? He couldn't go home without risking being caught by first the British, then the French if he made it to Europe. He had been in Halifax for half a year, so he stood the chance of being recognized if he tried to hide there or establish himself there.

The War of 1812 ended late in 1814 but was not officially over until early 1815. Had LW gone south initially but then found himself back in Nova Scotia soon after, thinking it safe?

For the record...

McInly, McInley, McKennely, McKennelly

There are six records in hand that lead me to believe that LW/JJT's wife's surname was McInley, or a variation on the spelling of that (thrice McInly, McInley, McKennely, McKennelly). Of these six records, three show Anne as the given name, one shows Anne with "Jo-" inserted above, one shows Joanne, and one shows Marie.

Record 1... 1843. On the record of the marriage of the couple's first daughter in 1843, the bride's mother is recorded as being Anne McInly (the father as Jean Thibault).

Record 2... 1851. On the record of the marriage of the couple's first son in 1851, the groom's mother is recorded as being Anne McKennely (the father as Jean Thibault). J. Courteau could be Father Julian Courteau: History of the Parish... "Father Julian Courteau Served For 28 Years Pastor of L'Ardoise Parish (June 1841 - May 6, 1869)."

Record 3... 1852. On the record of the marriage of the couple's second son in 1852, the groom's mother is recorded as being Anne McKennelly (the father as Jacques Thibeault).

Record 4... 1858. On the record of the marriage of the couple's third son in 1858, the groom's mother is recorded as being Jo-Anne McInly (the father as Jean Thébeault).

Record 5... 1859. On the record of the marriage of the couple's second daughter in 1859, the bride's mother is recorded as being Joanne McInly (the father as Jean Thibault). The word "Late" is squeezed in - JJT did reportedly die in 1856, so this may be taken as confirmation of that.

Felicite, the couple's third daughter, who's birth year I question (1823 or 1832 perhaps, see thibeau.html) is known to have married Edward Hearn. Felicite and Edward had two children. I do not as yet have any documents pertaining to Felicite to further make the case for McInley.

Record 6... The sixth corroborating item for surname is a comment by historian Paul Touesnard about JJT: ""At his death in 1856, at the age of 69, he is named Jean Jacques Thibeault survived by his wife, Marie McInley."

Source of the confusion...

Where it gets confusing is the baptismal record of Jean Pierre Thibeau (born October 20, 1829, baptized December 27, 1829). His father is shown as Jean Thibeau and his mother as Anne McEagney (McKeagney).

With the other evidence of McInley and the lack of further evidence of McKeagney, I think this was a transcriber's mistake. McKeagney may be somewhat of a sound-alike for McInley, with a silent g. There were prominent McKeagneys in the L'Ardoise area, the Sydney area, and in the Manchester area - all points of interest in the Wauthy aka Thibeau story, all seeming distractions.

This is from a website about the McKeagney family: "Marie "Anne" McKeagney ... b(orn) 1806, d(ied) Nov 9, 1839 at L'Ardoise CB Anne married Thomas Charles Grady (1798-1897) at Manchester NS about 1827". This birth date would not work with JJT having a child to report on the 1817 census, let alone that Anne went on to marry someone else. It is an interesting mention of Manchester, though.

2023-11-30... In checking Paul Touesnard's website tonight, I see that he has already arrived at this conclusion. (I seem to have overlooked this the last time I checked his site link.) PT: "Note: Several sources on the web indicate that Jacob's wife was Anne McKegney and that she was born in 1806 and died in 1839 at L'Ardoise. This is not possible given that their first child was born before 1817 as reported in the Census."

It is simpler to believe that the record showing Anne McKeagney as Jean Pierre Thibeau's mother record is incorrect than it is to believe that the other five records are incorrect. Applying Occam's razor, the name is, therefore, likely to be McInley. And, no need to take my word for it anyway. Visit Touesnard's site.

From this article L'ARDOISE PARISH HAS LONG HISTORY by Bishop John Cameron...

"L'Ardoise remains without a priest until Father Potvin was appointed in October 1828. The next pastor was Trudel from October 1829 to September 1832. The next pastor was Father Patrick MacKeagney who was pastor from December 1832 to June 1841. He was a brother of Father Henry MacKeagney and also the politician James MacKeagney.

In 1840 River Bourgeois became a mission of L'Ardoise. Father Julian Courteau became the next pastor and stayed in L'Ardoise for 28 years."

Imagine how easy it would be for someone transcribing the original record finding Anne McInly or McKennelly and writing Anne McEagney instead.

From this webpage link, view transcribed baptism and birth records, Canada, Nova Scotia, Antigonish Catholic Diocese, 1823-1905, Richmond, L'Ardoise, Holy Guardian Angels, Baptism.

Further evidence would be welcome, to be sure. We know who Anne wasn't, now we want to know who Anne was.

Circumstantial evidence of the name Anne McInley...

Who...

Jean Jacques Thibeau and Anne McKinley seem to be accomodating parents living in an era in which naming conventions were being used. Given these possible name origins, there are a number of them that may provide clues.

It is speculated here that...

1st child, Anne... (Children: Thomas, Jacob, Daniel, Marie Anne, Peter.) First daughter Anne named her first son Thomas after her father-in-law. She named her second son after her own father Jacob. She named her third son after Uncle Daniel Sheehan. Her first (and only) daughter was named Marie Anne, perhaps to differentiate her from her mother and grandmother while still contributing legacy. Her fourth (and last) son was named after her brother, Uncle Peter.

2nd child, Margaret... Second daughter Margaret apparently had no children with husband John Toole.

3rd child, Sylvester... (Children: Jean Jacques (Jacob), Johanna (Hannah), Susan, Sylvester, Felicite Margaret, Thomas, Edward, Alexander.) First son Sylvester named his first son Jean Jacques (Jacob) Thibeau. He named his first daughter Johanna (Hannah) after his mother or oldest sister or both. He named his second daughter after the wife of his brother Jean Pierre (Susan Pottie). He named his second son after himself. He named his third daughter Felicite Margaret after his other two sisters. He may have named his third son after a Sheehan, sister Anne's first son or her father-in-law; his fourth son after brother-in-law Edward Hearn, husband of sister Felicite; and his fifth son after Felicite's son-in-law Alexander Linhoff.

4th child, Jean Pierre... (Children: Peter, Margaret, Jean Antoine Pius, Patrick, Rosalie.) Second son Jean Pierre's first son was named after his brother Peter; his first daughter was named after his unwed-as-yet sister Margaret; his second son was named after himself and the Pope at the time (Pope Pius IX); his next son Patrick (born 1863) and daughter Rosalie (born 1865) seem to be disassociated from relatives' names I can see, although there would be several subsequent generations of Patricks and Rosalie would be an aunt to Mary Rosalie Azalene ("Minnie") Thibeau.

5th child, Peter... (Children: Sylvester, Peter, Jean Luc, Moses, Daniel, David, Mary Anne, Anastasia, Sarah Jane, Annie Johanna.) Third son Peter had twins first. He named one Peter Alexander after himself and the other William Sylvester after his brother Sylvester; his third son Jean Luc was probably named after his brother Jean Pierre; his other sons (Moses, Daniel and David) had indirect biblical references; his first three daughters were named with derivatives of Anne (Mary Anne, Anastasia, and Sarah Jane); and his last daughter (10th child) was named Annie Johanna. (I suppose practically the whole family was religious in the tradition of "teach a man to fish...".)

6th child, Felicite... (Children: Johanna, Edward.) Daughter Felicite named her first (and only) daughter Johanna, after her own mother. In parallel, her first (and only) son was named Edward after his father.

Of these original six children of JJT and Anne McInley, their first daughters were named Anne, --, Anne Marie, Marie Anne, Johanna (Hannah), and Margaret, while the last child named his daughters Mary Anne, Anastasia, Sarah Jane (derivative of John or Jean) and Johanna (Annie in brackets in the baptismal record). Is there a common thread here?

And in the section above on Anne Thibault being "on the record" so to speak as a six-time mother or wife, there was Anne, Anne, Anne, Jo-Anne, Joanne, and Marie (the last, a record of JJT's death that I have not yet seen and cannot confirm).

Searches, therefore, should begin with the name Anne McInley - but with consideration given to the numerous alternative spellings, variations and erroneous sources.

(I am reminded of Shoeless Joe giving advice to Archie Graham in Field of Dreams: "Look for low and away... but watch out for in-your-ear." We know to look for the answer close to home, but it might well be out in left field somewhere.)

If JJT and wife Anne used conventions to name their children, this could be something of a guide as to the names to look for.

Of the six children of JJT and wife Anne McInley:

First daughter, named Anne, after her mother Anne, is a kind of closed loop. It should be noted, though, that Louis Wauthy had a sister named Anne Josèphe Désirée Wauthy.

Second daughter, named Margaret - opens a door. It is not LW's mother or a sibling (although there are three Margeurites in the incomplete data I have on the Wauthy family - a distant cousin, a 1x great aunt and a 3x great aunt). Could a Margaret be a mother or sister of Anne McInley?

First son, named Sylvester - an unassociated name for LW, could it be out of respect for Anne McInley's father, or an uncle or brother on Anne's side?

Second son, named Jean Pierre - Jean fits LW's assumed first name of Jean Jacques (Jacob) Thibeau. Pierre is Louis Joseph Wauthy's father's name (Pierre Joseph Wauthy), and his father's father's name (Pierre François Joseph Wauthy).

Third son, named Peter - Peter is the English equivalent of the name Pierre, that would be Louis' father and grandfather again.

Third daughter, Felicite is an easy fit. Louis Joseph Wauthy had a sister named Félicité Marie Justine Wauthy.

Even the at-first unassociated name Rosalie given to son Jean Pierre's second daughter can now be associated with Louis Joseph's sister Rosalie-Julienne Wauthy.

This would make for the last three of the six children's names with possible connections to relations back in Belgium. What are the odds? Does this not bolster the evidence that Jean Jacques Thibeau and Louis Joseph Wauthy are one and the same? Does it not also suggest that there may have been contact between LW/JJT and his Belgian family while and/or after he became a British Army infantryman, perhaps for a number of years, even up to his death? Since the possibly Belgian-related names are for the three last children, those born in 1829, 1830 and c1832, maybe by then JJT felt secure enough in his new identity to use those past-life names.

So, take from this guidance as to who in the McInley family may tie in when found. Look for a Margaret as a mother or sister. Look for a Sylvester as a father, uncle or brother.

Perhaps a thorough look through ship's passenger lists for the name Wauthy or Wauty might yield something.

What to look for...

Note to self: as these leads are followed, those that peter out can be deleted.

A map filled with possibilities...

A highly detailed map at davidrumsey.com entitled Map of Cabotia, 1814. Shows the south seacoast of Nova Scotia very well and in detail. It also shows the coastline from Long Island Sound all the way to, and around, Newfoundland. Any theories can be checked for geographical sense by taking a close look.

Last known whereabouts, and questions for the period of time between desertion and the 1817 census...

LW/JJT deserted on November 29, 1814, reportedly while in Halifax. Many questions begin here.

Did LW/JJT have a plan when he deserted, or did he wing it?
Did he meet "Anne" in Halifax or somewhere else later?
Did the couple ever marry or not? Were there in-laws, did Anne have family?
After deserting, was his work above the table or under?
Was he self-employed or a hired hand?
Was Anne a flouter of laws herself?
When exactly did he change his name?
What exactly is Anne's name?
Was he literate or not? Was Anne?
Did he ever go home or communicate with family? Did any come to Canada? Did they know where he was?

In RG 1 vol. 445 no. 36 for 1818, there is Christofer Tibou. Were there other Tibous in the area in 1818 or prior? In support, there is a hand-written document dated 1781 to a David Eason in the Nova Scotia Archives that appears to have the name Tibou in it. From the transcription, if, in fact, it is correct: "Tibou says the Acadians want you at St Johns and that you are desirous of going there."

Cursory search at this link found a few records of interest. See below.

Census Returns, Assessment and Poll Tax Records 1767-1838...

At this link, records from the different archives can be searched together.

Note: the absense of records does not indicate non-existence of persons sought. Many, if not most, of the records have been lost.

Note: nothing found for the spelling McInly, although it must be remembered that the underlying text is based on transcriptions.

Note: nothing found in the 1827 census.

From these records, McKinley...

Jasper (Jaspur, Gesper) McKinley, Londonderry Township, Colchester County, 1770, 1774, 1791, 1793 (In 1793, entry for Samuel on the line below, father and son?)
- Jasper is shown in Londonderry Township, Colchester County in the 1838 census, farmer, with wife Margaret McKinley, household of two

Samuel McKinley, Londonderry Township, Colchester County, 1791, 1792, 1793, 1794, 1795 (See note above, though no Jasper noted in '94 or '95.)
- Samuel is shown in Londonderry Township, Colchester County in the 1838 census, farmer, with wife Mary (or Marg) McKinley, farmer, plus two females above 14 years of age

William McKinley, are shown in Londonderry Township, Colchester County, in the 1838 census, farmer, with wife Mariah McKinley, plus male under 6, female under 14

Note: Jasper McKinley is shown with wife Margaret in the 1838 census. Samuel and William look to be sons. All are shown in a sequential trio of lines in the census.

Jacob McKinley, Country Harbour, Guysborough County—, 1791

Note: Jacob has the same first name as Jacob Tiboo (LW/JJT), living quite near Manchester. Since the name Jean Jacques "Jacob" Thibeau is believed fabricated, perhaps there will be a connection.

Daniel McInley (McKinley), shipwright (in both documents), Halifax, Halifax County,— 1792, 1793

Note: Daniel McInley (McKinley), shipwright in Halifax, makes the following information especially interesting, although it may be simply a coincidence. A.E. Cornwall photograph of the schooner Bluenose, Reg. no. 112062, 166.4 tons, built 1903 by Thomas McKinley, ready to be launched at McKinley's shipyard, Mt. Denson, Nova Scotia.

Andrew McKinley, Halifax, Halifax County, 1838 census, bookstore, 9 children (household count of 10)

William McKnit (?), Onslow, Colchester County, 1771

Rev. John McKinley, Pictou Town, Pictou County, 1838 census, 3 males above 14, 4 females above 14

John McKinley, St. Mary's, Guysborough County, 1838 census, fisherman, with wife Catherine McKinley, 2(?) children
- followed by census entry for...

Aaron McKinley, St. Mary's, Guysborough County, 1838 census, fisherman, with wife Winnifred McKinley, 8 children

John McKinly, Shelbourne, Shelbourne County, 1786, Harriot Street (Harriet Street), labourer

From these records, McKinlay...

Edward McKinlay, Dorchester Township, Sydney County, 1838 census, farmer

______ McKinlay, Halifax, Halifax County, 1838 census, labourer, plus

Thomas McKinlay, Halifax, Halifax County, 1838 census, labourer, plus

George McKinlay, Halifax, Halifax County, 1838 census, labourer, plus

Peter McKinlay, Lower Musquodoboit, Halifax County, 1838 census, farmer, plus

Note: during searches here, a similar name has been seen. Robert McElhinney. He is a distinct person. Several of his documents are in the Archives and the name does appear in censuses.

Liscomb is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Municipality of the District of Saint Mary's in Guysborough County.

By negative inference, since Alexander McKinley is not on this list, he therefore does not have a land claim at that time.

"The great movement of the United Empire Loyalists to the Provinces which remained faithful to England, begun on the conclusion of the peace by the Treaty of Paris, signed on the 3rd September, 1783, but from the time of the evacuation of Boston by the British troops in 1776, a considerable number of Loyalists had sought refuge in Nova Scotia."

"The Loyalists were well received by Britain and her Colonies. Parliament passed an act authorizing the Crown to settle the amount of the losses they had sustained by the confiscation of their property, and to indemnify them, which was done between 1784 and 1788, the Commissioners holding Courts of Enquiry successively in England, in Halifax, Quebec and Montreal."

"In the Provinces of Quebec and Nova Scotia, there were given to the Refugees lands to the extent of from 200 to 1,200 acres to each family, agricultural implements and food and clothing for two years." "And it is also ordered that the Land Boards may, in any such case, provide not only for the sons of those Loyalists as they arrive at full age, but for their daughters also of that age, or on their marriage, assigning to each a lot of 200 acres more or less.”

Louis Joseph Wauthy's birth date - born April 6, 1788, in Biesme, Mettet, Namur, Belgium

Anne McInley's birth date - on the very outside, 1778 to 1802. More likely, 1790 to 1800.

Jacob Tiboo, in Manchester, Sydney County, June 24, 1817, enumerated on that year's census.

Thibaut and family were in Manchester in 1817, did they migrate to Cape Breton when the McKeagney family did, in 1823?

In the next section is information about life in Sydney, Cape Breton in and around 1793. There are reasons to have moved to Sydney, and reasons for leaving Sydney.

The question is: where (and when) did this family come from and where (and when) did they go to?

From this thesis about Cape Breton, some helpful information about life in Sydney, NS...

Orphan Outpost: Cape Breton Colony 1781+-1820 by Robert J. Morgan, submitted to the University of Ottawa in 1972. File name: DC53401.pdf

This thesis has information about Sydney, Cape Breton at the time Alexander McKinley and family lived there. His wife's name was Anne. A daughter baptised there in 1793 was named Mary. There could well have been siblings older and younger than Mary, one of which could have been Anne.

There is no earlier records or later records that help expand on this. What I did find was information about the goings-on about that time that may have brought Alexander and family there to live or may have caused Alexander and family to pick up and leave.

Once the right McKinley family is found and the story known, the irrelevant material need not be kept. It is enlightening, though.

Page 75: "... (James Miller, from a report dated January 8, 1794) Miller noted that though labourers were paid the extremely high wage of one dollar per day, most payment was made in goods, which were expensive since bulk shipments to a small town were impossible."

Page 75: "...since the miners did not work from September to May they demanded high wages, ...".

Page 75: "...miners left the colony in winter when work was unavailable, and that spirits were sold freely at the mines encouraging a debauched existence there".

Page 75: "These factors help explain the population drain, and the low class of settler in the Sydney area...".

Page 76: "Another factor, beyond local control, was the lack of return cargo which raised shipping prices. Coal ships returned to Sydney frequently loaded only with ballast. This meant that coal from Scotland or Liverpool was cheaper in Halifax than that from Cape Breton which sold only when the British product was unobtainable."

Page 78: "In a dispatch of 10 March 1789, instructions were sent forbidding free land grants in the Maritimes. Whitehall (the Colonial Office) had decided that money could be raised on the sale of land in the Maritimes. All four colonies suffered from this, but none worse than the infant Colony of Cape Breton." "The land grant restraint was even more pernicious for Cape Breton..." "The result was that the land tenure of many of the colonists, even those arriving before the restraining orders, was insecure...".

Page 85: "Richard Gibbons had warned Macarmick that the Acadians might leave Cape Breton for the United States or St. Pierre if they were forced to take the oath against transubstantiation."

Page 89: "Father Francis Le Jamtel was merely the precursor of a migration to Cape Breton and the Magdalen Islands from St. Pierre and Miquelon during the French Revolution. Several hundred French-speaking people entered Cape Breton in the spring of 1793, but threatened to leave if they were not permitted to settle near Isle Madame." "...re a local militia... the Jerseymen and loyalists around Isle Madame had been more responsive".

Page 95: "In 1790, however, the Reverend Ranna Cossit estimated that only 624 people lived in the Sydney area." "It would be fair, however, to say that Cape Breton held no more than 2,500 people by 1795."

Page 96: "Lieutenant William Dyott, visiting the capital in the fall of 1788 wrote in his diary: "The town of Sydney consists of about fifty houses situated on the banks of Spanish River, and surrounded to the very sides of the buildings by an almost impenetrable wood. There is a narrow path from the barracks just to keep up a communication, and that's all the clear country I saw. The barracks are shamefully bad; the troops have cleared a good parade and made themselves as comfortable as their situation would allow. The officers had no rooms in the barracks, and were obliged to build huts and log-houses.""

Page 97: "The only bright spot on the building scene was the allocation of E500 for the construction of a stone church, St. George's, which held its first service on Christmas Day, 1789, though lift pews and pulpit were still lacking. Even elementary services were absent in Sydney. The garrison doctor left with the troops in 1793, and no one replaced him. The Reverend Ranna Cossit, Sydney's first Anglican priest, managed to lure a teacher to Sydney, but the young man, Hiram Payne, was preparing to leave for the seminary. An ordinance was passed "for making repairing and mending the Highways Roads Bridges and Streets in the County of Sydney" by impressing people four to six days per year."

Page 100: "The bright hopes of DesBarres seemed disappointed in 1795. The town of Sydney had failed to prosper, the anticipated influx of settlers had failed to materialize, the withdrawal of the troops spelt the ruin of local business, and the mines which held promise, remained undeveloped. Economic stagnation had set in, while colonial officials, interested in economy and the war with France, gave small assistance to the insignificant colony."

Page 125: "In the years 1793-1796, miners' weekly wages doubled from twenty-five to fifty shillings. This and the war, caused the price of local supplies to climb during the same period..."

Page 133: "...the colony ... had been left virtually defenceless with the withdrawal of the contingent of the 21st Regiment in 1793..."

Page 149: "All of these settlements had good harbours, and ship building was a usual side occupation, undertaken in winter using the plentiful supplies of yellow and black birch, maple and black spruce on the island. Most ships constructed were shallops or schooners which sailed with two to five hands. Cod was usually caught at the end of September so that the ship builder-fisherman could, with a crew of four, catch about 400 quintals per season. This was supplemented by herring and mackerel netted 40 in May and August, or by salmon caught at St. Ann's. The wives and children cured the fish 41 which were sold to local firms such as Robin or Janvrin.

"The little ships also carried coal, particularly after the outbreak of war in 1793 when the market expanded, the high seas became dangerous for long fishing trips, and supplies grew too expensive for the small fishermen. The war also forced up insurance rates in the Maritimes 10 to 12 l/2 per cent above those of the neutral Americans, while Britain allowed the West Indies to import American produce at their discretion. The result was that New England assumed almost total dominance over the West Indies trade."

Page 175: "The outbreak of war with France in 1793 had been a key factor in the rapid inflationary spiral which had earlier plagued (Sydney)."

Appendix xi: "Her unimportance and consequent lack of influence plagued Cape Breton throughout her separate existence. Like an orphan, the mother country seemed to abandon her at birth. When war with France broke out in 1793, she was left defenseless, her troops being withdrawn to Halifax which was the key to the defense of the Maritime colonies."

Wikipedia: "France declared war against Britain and the Netherlands on February 1, 1793 and soon afterwards against Spain."